Disclaimer: I haven't been to most of these places recently. There's been a pandemic on for the last few years and it completely closed down all of Calgary's nightclubs, so it's hard to know who's doing what after all this time or how the vibe has changed at these places.
If you're want something small/medium sized and more upscale try Sub Rosa, Please Don't Tell or Untitled Champagne Lounge. Be sure to check the dress code before going.
Go big or go home! Try Commonwealth, Palace Theatre, or The Back Alley.. Go for Whiskey Rose or Cowboys if you like country music and dancing.
Broken City, Blind Beggar and The Palomino are good options for a grittier dance floor experience. (Or more of a mosh pit, music depending).
Karaoke is a great option as you can create your own dance floor. Try Watchman's Pub on 17th, Ducky's Pub, Galaxy Karaoke, Nanta Karaoke, or Bacchus Karaoke.
This list is a little questionable but back in the day Hudson's downtown would have a dance floor breakout towards the end of the night that was really fun. I've heard Greta Bar has a dance floor, I haven't been though. The Trop has dancing on weekends, but note this is for an older crowd. The strippers (Blondies & Boudoir Rouge) used to have dance floors but can't confirm is that is still a thing. There was also a phase where Tropical on 17th had a popular dance floor but also not sure if that still happens.
I hope this helped! These other pages may be of use to you as well:
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